Slang.
О.В. Барсукова, гр. РПЗ – 09- 01, ММК ДВНЗ «ПДТУ»
Slang can be described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases (lexical innovations) which tend to originate in subcultures within a society. Slang often suggests that the person utilizing the words or phrases is familiar with the hearer's group or subgroup-it can be considered a distinguishing factor of in-group identity. Microsoft Encarta states: "slang expressions often embody attitudes and values of group members." In order for an expression to become slang, it must be widely accepted and adopted by members of the subculture or group. Slang has no societal boundaries or limitations as it can exist in all cultures and classes of society as well as in all languages. Slang expressions are created in basically the same way as standard speech. As stated in Microsoft Encarta, "expressions may take form as metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech." In addition, it is noted that the words used as slang may be new coinages, existing words may acquire new meanings, narrow meanings of words may become generalized, words may be abbreviated, etc. However, in order for the expression to survive, it must be widely adopted by the group who uses it. Slang is a way in which languages change and are renewed. British slang is English language slang used in Great Britain. While some slang words and phrases are used throughout all of Britain, others are restricted to smaller regions. London has its own varieties of slang, one of the most well-known of which is Cockney rhyming slang. Varieties of British slang:
1. Rhyming slang
Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney speech spoken in the East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the word, for example, plates of meat for "feet".
2. Back slang
Back slang is simply the practice of using words spelled in reverse, e.g. yob for "boy" or ecilop for "police".
3. Polari
Polari is a variety of slang used by gay men and lesbians in Britain and the United Kingdom.

Роботу виконано під керівництвом викладача Козловцевої О.М.


GEOFFREY CHAUCER’S ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
М.С. Царегородцева, гр. РПЗ – 09- 01 ММК ПДТУ
Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative “The Canterbury Tales”. Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular Middle English, rather than French or Latin. Chaucer is best known as the writer of “The Canterbury Tales”, which is a collection of stories told by fictional pilgrims on the road to the cathedral at Canterbury; these tales would help to shape English literature. “The Canterbury Tales” contrasts with other literature of the period in the naturalism of its narrative, the variety of stories the pilgrims tell and the varied characters who are engaged in the pilgrimage. The many jobs that Chaucer held in medieval society—page, soldier, messenger, valet, bureaucrat, foreman and administrator—probably exposed him to many of the types of people he depicted in the Tales. He was able to shape their speech and satirize their manners in what was to become popular literature among people of the same types. Chaucer is sometimes considered the source of the English vernacular tradition and the "father" of modern English literature. His achievement for the language can be seen as part of a general historical trend towards the creation of a vernacular literature after the example of Dante in many parts of Europe. A parallel trend in Chaucer's own lifetime was underway in Scotland through the work of his slightly earlier contemporary, John Barbour, and was likely to have been even more general, as is evidenced by the example of the Pearl Poet in the north of England.
Роботу виконано під керівництвом викладача вищої категорії Горобей А.М.